PART ONE. 1. The land and the People in History. 2. Society and Economy. 3. Afghan Foreign Relations. 4. The New Democracy and its Limitations. PART TWO. 5. The Saur Revolution. 6. Reforms from Above and Repressions. 7. Afghan Centers of Opposition. 8. Disintegrating Army v. Divided Opposition. 9. Positive Non Alignment. 10. A State of Nature. Appendices.